There were no refugees and no territorial issues when the people of Nagorno Karabakh followed all necessary, legal steps, to opt for self-determination, in accordance with the legislation of the time. The response was military aggression. It is very telling that a sovereign government responded to its own citizens’ democratic actions using arms. Moreover, the violent, military response was not even directed against the population of Nagorno Karabakh, (at least at first) but against Armenians in Sumgait and Baku, miles away from the territory and population of Nagorno Karabakh.

The pogroms of Armenians in Sumgait in February 1988 have the dubious honor of being the first -- the first time that ethnic cleansing was utilized in what was still Soviet space – even before this scourge of modern humanity reared its head in the Balkans.

THE HORRORS OF SUMGAIT – February 1988
Massacres of Armenians in Sumgait (a city located a half an hour drive away from the Azerbaijani capital, Baku) took place in broad daylight, witnessed by numerous gapers and passers by. The peak of the atrocities committed by Azeri perpetrators occurred on 27–29 February 1988. The events were preceded by a wave of anti-Armenian statements and rallies that swept over Azerbaijan in February 1988.

Izvestia Daily (20 August 1988) quotes Soviet deputy chief prosecutor Katusev who said that almost the entire area of Sumgait, a city with population of 250,000 had become the site of unhindered mass pogroms. The perpetrators who broke into Armenian homes were aided by prepared lists containing the names of the residents. They were armed with iron rods, stones, axes, knives, bottles and canisters full of benzene. According to witnesses, some apartments were raided by groups of 50 to 80 persons. Similar crowds (up to 100 people) stormed the streets.

There were dozens of casualties and 53 murders – most of those burnt alive after being assaulted and tortured. Hundreds of innocent people were wounded and disabled. Many women, including adolescent girls, were raped. Over 200 apartments were raided, dozens of cars burnt, numerous shops and workshops looted. Mobs hurled furniture, refrigerators, TV sets, beds from balconies and then burnt them. The direct and indirect result of these horrors were tens of thousands of refugees.

These were the human losses. Politically, it was most horrifying and teling that neiher police nor emergency aid workers interfered. Witness S. Guliev described the events: "The police left the city at the mercy of the mob. They were nowhere to be seen. I did not see any police around." [source: xxxx]

In court, witness Arsen Arakelian told about the malice of ambulance doctors who neither came to help his mother, suffering from a concussion, broken bones, loss of blood and burns, nor did they let him bring her inside the hospital.

The army arrived in Sumgait on 29 February. However, it limited itself to shielding against the ravaging mob that threw stones at the soldiers and did little to protect Armenians. "We are not instructed to go inside," was the soldiers’ answer to the victims’ pleas for help, according to witness S. Guliev.

NOT JUST SUMGAIT
The assault of a sovereign government against its citizens continued. In May 1988 in Shushi, the local authorities initiated the deportation of Armenians living in that hilltop city from which Karabakh’s largest city, Stepanakert, was to be so easily shelled for the next several years. By September 1998, the last Armenians were ousted from Shushi. In the same year, Armenians were killed and wounded in the village of Khojali. In November and December 1988, a wave of Armenian pogroms swept Azerbaijan. The worst took place in Baku, Kirovabad (Ganja), Shemakh, Shamkhor, Mingechaur and Nakhichevan. The Soviet press described how, in Kirovabad, perpetrators broke in a hospice for the elderly, captured and subsequently killed 12 helpless old Armenian men and women, including several disabled ones. In the winter of 1988, all Armenians were deported from dozens of Armenian villages in Azerbaijan. The same fate befell more than 40 Armenian settlements in the northern part of Karabagh – outside the borders of the autonomous region which was demanding self-determination – including the mountainous regions of Khanlar, Dashkesan, Shamkhor and Kedabek provinces. The 40,000 Armenians of Azerbaijan’s third largest city, Ganja, were also forcibly removed from their homes. When it was over, there were less than 50,000 Armenians left in Baku, out of a total population of 215,000.

Throughout 1989, sporadic attacks, beatings, looting and massacres in Baku reduced that number to 30,000 – mostly the elderly who could not leave Baku. By early January 1990, Armenian pogroms in Baku intensified and became more organized. On 13 January, a crowd 50,000-strong left a rally, broke into groups and started methodically, house by house, ‘cleansing’ the city of its Armenians. Pogroms continued until 15 January. The total number of casualties during the first three days amounted to 33 people. The Soviet press had daily reports of indescribable horror – dissecting bodies, ripping open the abdomens of pregnant women, burning people alive – with a daily tally of murders in full view of the authorities. Russia’s Soyuz magazine reported that one man was literally torn apart, and his remains thrown in a garbage container.

According to various sources, several hundred Armenians were killed. The remainder, mostly older Armenians, were forcibly removed – with many dying during and after deportation. Pogroms continued until 20 January when army troops were brought to Baku. By then, the city was fully ‘liberated’ from ‘Armenian elements’ except for a couple of hundred Armenians in mixed-marriages. During the military conflict over Nagorno Karabagh, the latter were literally ‘fished out’ for exchange with Azeri POWs.

The active role of the authorities was evident throughout. Hospitals issued countless death certificates for Armenians who died of ‘hypertension,’ ‘diabetes,’ or ‘cardiovascular failure.’ Police vehicles were never far from looters, ready to remove large valuables. Shortly after the pogroms, one of the leaders of Azerbaijan’s Popular Front, E. Mamedov told a press conference, "I personally witnessed the murder of two Armenians not far from the railway station. A crowd gathered, they poured fuel on them and burned them. The local police precinct was just 200 meters away, and there were 400 to 500 privates of the interior forces who drove by the burning bodies. There were no attempts to enclose the area, save the victims or break-up the crowd."

CONDEMNING SUMGAIT
On July 7, 1988, the European Parliament adopted the following resolution:

• Considering, that Nagorno Karabagh was historically a part of Armenia, that currently over 80% of its population are Armenians, that this region was annexed by Azerbaijan in 1923 and that in February 1988 Armenians suffered from a massacre in the Azeri city of Sumgait,
• Considering that aggravation of political situation, having caused mass killings of Armenians in Sumgait and atrocities in Baku, is dangerous for Armenians living in Azerbaijan,
• Condemns brutality and pressure used against Armenian protesters in Azerbaijan.

While everything possible was done to conceal and distort the circumstances of the crimes committed in Sumgait, documentary evidence, witness testimonies and other facts collected to date call for a quite straightforward conclusion: the pogroms were organized and carried out by the authorities of Soviet Azerbaijan.

George Soros spoke about this in Moscow Znamya Journal (Issue #6, 1989). He actually confirmed that the first Armenian pogroms in Azerbaijan were instigated by local bands, managed by the then First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, and the future President, of Azerbaijan, Heidar Aliev.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF SUMGAIT
According to (the incomplete) data of the Soviet prosecutors, between February 1988 and May 1991, 388 Armenians were killed and 302,000 were deported from Nagorno Karabagh and Azerbaijani villages bordering Armenia.

The Azeri leadership, then and now, never expressed remorse over the ethnic cleansing and massacres of the Armenians of Azerbaijan, or the Armenians of Karabakh. According to Ilias Izmailov, Azerbaijan’s Prosecutor General during the Sumgait pogroms, "Perpetrators of the pogroms now carry mandates and sit in the Parliament," (Zerkalo, 21 February 2003).

The Azeri state and its leadership were not then and are not now concerned with the safety and well-being of its Armenian citizens.

Given Azerbaijan's actions before and following independence, there is no reason to doubt that had the Armenians of NK not called for self-determination then today, they would have had the same fate as the Armenians of Nakhichevan.

Azerbaijan presents itself as the victim, citing facts on the ground today. But the facts on the ground as presented by Azerbaijan are distorted. There are refugees and territorial losses on both sides. The one million refugees refer to the total number of Armenian and Azerbaijani refugees. The bulk of the lost territory which Azerbaijan incessantly cites – 25% -- is the territory of Nagorno Karabakh which is itself the subject of an internationally recognized self-determination struggle. There is in fact loss of territory on the Armenian side – territory on which the Azerbaijanis have left no Armenians. Today’s facts on the ground are the consequences of a cycle of violence and intolerance that began with Azerbaijan’s suppression of the calls to peaceful self-determination.

Azerbaijan is a victim of its own aggression and Armenians are the victims of Azerbaijani aggression.